SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    593, 595, 643, 644, 646, 692, 286, 287, 
    501, 289, 288, 291, 313, 588, 483, 484, 
    293, 310, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 
    577, 475, 301, 302, 314, 498, 499, 304, 
    306, 316, 307, 311, 514, 515, 516, 427, 
    319, 320, 531, 322, 325, 326, 410, 327, 
    323, 324
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00182

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": [
            "usergroup",
            "product_id",
            "lower_limit",
            "usergroup_id"
          ],
          "rows": 580,
          "filtered": 17.24137878,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (593,595,643,644,646,692,286,287,501,289,288,291,313,588,483,484,293,310,294,295,296,298,299,300,577,475,301,302,314,498,499,304,306,316,307,311,514,515,516,427,319,320,531,322,325,326,410,327,323,324) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}